Russ (Norwegian Celebrant)

The ''russefeiring'' ( en, "russ celebration") is a traditional celebration for Norwegian high school pupils in their final spring semester. Pupils that take part in the celebrations are known as russ. Students in high school normally prepare for this celebration from the start of the year. Russ celebrations normally happen before the final term exam for the high school students before they are off to university or college. Russ have different ways off celebrating this very day, some people purchase big buses with more than 20 people partying all night and some other people go for the more cheaper or more idle version like buying a van or a car. The russefeiring traditionally starts around 20 April (with some starting earlier/later depending on the regional county) and ends on 17 May, the Norwegian Constitution day. Participants wear coloured overalls (Usually red, blue, green, white, or black). Some form groups that name a bus, car or van (often making a name or logo). Some celebrate almost continually during this period. Drunkenness and public disturbances are regularly linked to the celebration.

History

The modern Norwegian dates back to 1905, when the red ''russ'' caps () were introduced to graduation celebrations as a sign of the imminent acceptance into the system of higher education. The caps were initially only used by boys, and were inspired by German students, who in 1904 wore red caps when they visited Norway. In 1916, blue caps were introduced at the Oslo Commerce School, a prestigious high school specializing in economics, in order to separate them from the common graduates. Later, celebrations were gradually extended, similarly coloured overalls (russedress) were added, and the caps were saved for the final day of celebrations.

Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Nobel Prize laureate in literature, attempted to convey the spirit of the russ-celebration in the poem "Jeg velger meg April" ("I choose April"). The russ have figured in a number of poems and song lyrics, especially those from the early 20th century.

As time passed, students graduating from vocational courses were allowed to participate in the celebrations, and additional overall and cap colours were gradually introduced by some of the vocational graduates. The celebrations then became a general celebration of the end of upper secondary school (videregående skole).

In Norway, most pupils turn 18 just before the russefeiring. The age of 18 is both the age limit for buying alcohol and acquiring a driver's license. Therefore, the growing festivities also led to increased alcohol consumption, and in the 1970s the tradition of buying old cars, vans, buses and even lorries and painting them in the same colours as the overalls became common.

These cars would be extensively decorated, and serve as mobile homes and party venues for the russ during the russefeiring. They would be outfitted with tables, chairs, bunk beds, sound and lighting systems, and melodic horns. These vehicles were named ''russebiler'' (russ cars). Over the 1980s it became fairly common to rip the cargo beds off lorries and build log cabins on the frames instead. However, due to safety issues this practice was banned during the early 1990s. Also regulations were introduced that required every russ vehicle to have a designated non-russ driver. This, together with the no-tolerance policy on alcohol consumption by drivers introduced in the late 1990s, greatly reduced the number of accidents involving russ vehicles.

Russ cars and buses would gather for impromptu partying on school grounds, parking lots, beaches and other suitable places. Sometimes up to several hundreds of cars and buses would gather in one place. Eventually, these events became organized by commercial interests, who then also took over responsibility for the security of the participants. Still russ gather their vehicles for impromptu partying, but in smaller numbers.

By the early 2000s authorities were once again worried about impact of the partying and alcohol consumption during the russefeiring. In an attempt to reduce the extent of the celebrations, some of the final exams in public schools were moved to early May. Traditionally, these had all been taking place in late May and early June. The idea was that forcing the pupils to prepare for exams instead of partying would reduce the extent of the problem. This had no noticeable effect, however, and resistance from pupils' organizations moved the exams back, with the argument that the only effect was to have pupils sacrifice grades for partying.

Duration

The festivities start anytime between 11 April and 1 May (different dates for each city). On this date, russ are allowed to put on their overalls, board their vehicles, and officially become russ. From then on celebrations continue almost non-stop until 17 May (the national day). On this day the russ are awarded their caps, and participate in the traditional 17 May parades. In the meantime, there are a number of smaller and bigger events for russ to participate in. The dates of the biggest parties are usually the 1st where the students are 'christened' with personalized russ names which are written on their caps, and 16 May, which is the second biggest party night, as these two dates are followed by national holidays (May day and Norwegian Constitution Day).

Function

Russefeiring is a long-standing tradition and a major cultural phenomenon in Norway. Apart from being a celebration of the imminent end of 12 or 13 years of compulsory schooling, it has also become a rite of passage into adulthood, and a farewell to classmates from the videregående skole (upper secondary school) who will now go their separate ways in search for jobs or higher education. It is therefore an important period in the lives of most Norwegian adolescents.

In the period, there are several russetreff, translated ''russ meeting''. At these events ten thousands of russ meet in an allocated area for one or more days. There are concerts, bus competitions in several circles (bus with the best sound systems, best lighting systems, best design, bus of the year and "Lord of the Rings"), and the sale of beer and food.

While russefeiring is optional, there are few pupils who do not participate in any way, although the extent of involvement varies individually. However, there are pupils who, due to personal or religious reasons, do not consume alcohol, and therefore object to the nature of many of the celebrations, which contribute to its image as the "treukersfylla" ("the three-week binge"). These pupils do not partake in common festivities to the same degree that other russ do and sometimes create their own events such as the "kristenruss" ("christian russ"), often shortened to "kruss".

Overall colours

There are several different types of ''russ'' differing in the colour of the caps and traditional uniforms most students carry during the entire ''russ'' period. The colour of the uniforms usually reflects what type of study the person is completing (see below). However, in some regions such as Stavanger, the colour is determined by the school. Typically in these areas, if the headmaster of the school was a blue russ, the students will also be blue regardless of what they are studying (vocational students will still usually be black russ).

;Red (rødruss)
:''Allmennfag'' (general studies) (mathematics, physics, biology, history, literature, English etc); media and communication, art, music, dance and drama; and athletics. This is the most common colour.
;Blue (blåruss)
:Business Administration studies (Økonomi & Administrasjon)
;Black (svartruss)
:Vocational courses (like electronics, carpentry or culinary programs). As Norwegian vocational studies consist of 2 years of schooling and 1 or 2 years of apprenticeship, black russ can choose to celebrate at the end of school, at the end of the apprenticeship, or both. Some red russ choose black in order to stand out, although most red and blue russes do not acknowledge them as real russes. In fact, since most black russ are under 18 years old, they chose to order the red overalls in order to enter party sites where only those over 18 are allowed.
;Green (grønnruss)
:Agricultural courses, also used by some as an alternative to orange ''russ''.
;White (hvitruss)
:In some regions, athletics students or healthcare students use white uniforms. Christian ''russ'' choosing to celebrate without alcohol sometimes use this colour, but most often wear the same colours as their classmates. Christian ''russ'' might form their own groups to have fun together without peer pressure towards drinking alcohol and achieving the knot requirements.
;Miscellaneous
:Occasionally, children in the last year of kindergarten dress up as "pink ''russ''" (''rosaruss''), or girls as pink ''russ'' and boys as light blue ''russ''. In some places, pupils finishing the last year of middle school (''ungdomsskolen'') dress up as "orange ''russ''" (''oransjeruss'') or "green ''russ''" (''grønnruss''). These celebrations have not become very common.

The russ board

It is common to appoint a russpresident, a party coordinator, a newspaper editor, some journalists, a contraceptive responsible person and some other funny titles to some russ.

The russepresident is responsible for about everything with the russ and to give an interview to a local newspaper and hold a speech on Constitution Day. The party coordinator organizes parties with different themes (for instance "What are you going to be when you're fully educated?", "bad taste" and "halloween"). The newspaper editor and the journalists make a russenewspaper. The contraceptive responsible gets some thousand condoms from the Red Cross to pass out to the russ (The Red Cross decided to give away condoms for free to russ because of the massive increase in Chlamydia, Herpes and Gonorrhea after May one year).

"Knots and happenings"

Ståkuka translates roughly to 'the noisy week', but there is a play with words involved as "ståkuk" literally means "erect penis". Ståkuka is the last week in April where there are different themes to dress up to. There is a different theme for each day and the typical themes are:

* Change gender day
* Army day
* Pajamas day
* Hero day
* Emo day
* Business day
* Change Tobu Day

On army day it is very common for different schools or different coloured russ to "attack" each other with water balloons and water guns. Often younger students are taken hostage and dipped in water.

This is typically frowned upon by teachers and cleaning staff as windows tend to be broken and hallways tend to be soaking wet.

Knots

The russ knots ( no, Russeknuter) on the string of the russ' cap are a wide variety of rewards signaling that the student has fulfilled a certain accomplishment during the russ period. They can be simple knots or tokens attached to the string. Lists of assignments and associated knots are publicized each year by russ committees at schools and communities. The knot often consists of an item representing the accomplishment. For instance, passing through the back seat of a car stopping on a red light (inspired by the television advertisement for the sweet ''Mentos''), earns them a piece of wrapping from the sweet. The ''russ knot list'' was first introduced in the 1940s.

The knot rules are sometimes criticized because they can involve illegal acts, such as public nudity or public sexual intercourse, outright assault and possibly self-harming actions such as consuming large amounts of alcohol in a short span of time (earning a beer cap or wine cork). Other more benign tasks exist, such as putting a ''for sale'' sign on a police car, or spending the night at a teacher's house and making him/her breakfast in the morning, all without being noticed. Counting both national and local lists, there can be hundreds of different tasks that can be performed to gain knots, with huge varieties between districts and individual schools. Due to criticism in media, many of the russ knots are removed and replaced by other knots every year to decrease its severe impact on the students. Some of the previous knots have been physically dangerous when it involves drinking 24 bottles of beer within 24 hours, or place half a box of snus under ones lip for a certain period of time. This can lead to alcohol poisoning and severe brain damage.

A few russ knot examples:

* Spending a night in a tree (earns a stick from the tree)
* Eating a Big Mac hamburger in two bites (earns a piece of the wrapping)
* Drinking a bottle of wine in 20 minutes (earns the wine cork)
* Crawling through a supermarket while barking and biting customers' legs (earns a dog biscuit)
* Spending a school day crawling on hands and knees (earns a toy shoe)
* Spending the entire russ period sober (earns a fizzy drink cork)
* Drinking 24 beers in 24 hours (girls) or 12 hours (boys)
* Go for a swim before 1 May
* Ask random people in a mall if they can lend one a condom (earns the condom)
* Stage a false break up with a random 16-year-old in public
* Sit in a roundabout with a sign saying "" ("We'll have drink if you honk your horn!"), or a variation "" ("One Honk = One Drink!")
* Host an aerobic class at the local pub and get at least ten people to join.
It is common for every school to have about 100 knots. If a russ does 50 or 70 of them he or she can choose to do three extra embarrassing or hard knots to become an eliteruss.

A few eliteruss knot examples:

* Tattoo Russ and the year they were russ on their body (For instance "Russ 09" if 2009).
* Make out with 10 people in one night.
* Give more than (about and about ) to charity.
* Dye their hair in the colour they are russ (black, red or blue).

Vans (Russebiler) and buses (Russebusser)

In the older days russ often traveled around in an open lorry, either used as-is or with a self-made log cabin added to the cargo area. Today, groups of russ commonly go together to buy a ''russ'' van. In eastern Norway, such as the capital Oslo, the posh suburb of Bærum, and other surrounding cities and areas, russ often choose to have a full-scale bus. This phenomenon also happens in the city of Stavanger and its surrounding areas. Russ vans are typically 15- to 20-year-old Volkswagen Caravelles or Chevy Vans. The vehicle is painted in their respective ''russ'' colour, either by having it professionally sprayed or with regular wall paint. Decals and other decorations are common.
Russ vehicles bought cheap have a reputation for being in terrible technical condition. Inexperienced and intoxicated drivers, and in some cases even highly flammable alcohol spills, have contributed to fatal traffic accidents and fires in these vehicles. The Norwegian police take part in a concerted effort to improve the situation. Russ who acquire a bus are required by law to hire a professional bus driver for the duration of the celebration, while van drivers might be an older sibling, friend, or a ''russ'' who chooses to abstain from alcohol.

In the ''russ'' vehicle, modern tradition requires a powerful audio equipment inside the vehicle, and on buses also on the roof (the largest systems allowed have forty speaker boxes which can generate over sixty thousand watts and be among the best sound systems in the world, rivaling those used by famous artists on concert tours). Some buses have had over 60 speaker boxes. Other accessories include sweaters and caps with the group's chosen logo and a bus song or slogan. It is also common to have some sort of theme for the interior and name/concept. Many buses have expensive theme interior, sometimes a bar, and plenty of flat-screens. A party light system is also common in buses.

These buses can be a large financial burden; contributions of up to $30,000 per member have occurred. In some cases, the teenager's parents invest most of the money needed for the buses. However, the average is between $2000 and $6000 per member. Including sponsors, the cost of a bus can reach over . ()

While some are willing to spend very high sums of money during the russ festivities, mostly on the van/bus but also on clothes, effects, parties (there are special happenings for russ all over the country) and alcohol, most aim to buy a cheap van together with a group of friends. An old van can be passed on to the next generation of russ several times before it is discarded.

It is customary to spend substantial amounts of time working on the vehicle, finding a concept, refurbishing the inside, painting the outside and applying for funding during the weeks (and sometimes years) before the festivities start. Logos of sponsors are written onto the vehicle together with other decorations. Some undertake major rebuilds of the interior, like building a bar counter or beds within the bus. It is not uncommon to start planning the bus several years before the celebration. Everything in the russ celebration is taken care of by the russ themselves, except the bigger events. In these events one will find shops where they sell alcohol and food, international artist performing and the most important, "russekåringen" (lit. "The Russ Awards"), where they designate the different buses as the winner of either the best theme, interior design, sound system, light system, best live-bus, and the most prestigious; the bus of the year.

Cards (Russekort)

Most ''russ'' have personalized calling cards featuring their name, photograph, phone number, address, and a short slogan or joke. Often times information such as the phone number or address is swapped with intentionally wrong information to add to the joke/slogan on the card, or to add additional jokes. These cards are swapped with other ''russ'' and handed out to children and family members. To many children, collecting ''russ'' cards is an important activity during the entire russ period, but especially May, culminating on 17 May.

Newspapers (Russeavis)

To finance some of the administrative costs, many high schools create ''russ'' newspapers containing fake news, a column written by the ''russ'' president, official knot rules for the specific school, and other content, mostly humorous. The most important feature of a ''russ'' newspaper, however, is a section that presents every class and every student with a photograph and a personalized biography, typically written by friends in a jocular and satirical style. The class may also write a similar entry on their main teacher; the teacher, in turn, writes about their class.
The Russ' newspaper is written and published by Russ' executive board (Russens Hovedstyre).

See also

* Studenten, "the student", the Swedish, Finnish and Danish equivalents.
* The student cap, which closely resembles the russ cap and is worn by students in various European countries. It can be of different colours depending on the type of education received.
*Russ music, also known as ''Russemusikk''.

References

External links

20 May 2004 $2900US : 26 high school Girls do porn with Thomas Rocco Hansen for Russefeiring parties"Norway's national day Hurray! It's the 17th of May"
About celebration of the National Day included the graduation celebration (russ) www.visitnorway.com {{in lang, en
The Norwegian Way. A photographic book by photographer Jørn Tomter who photographed the russ celebration during the years 2003-2007

Russen.no - Russ' official site (in Norwegian)Russ' executive board (Russens Hovedstyre) (in Norwegian)Russesiden.no - Russ news portal and community (in Norwegian)Russ.no - Russ portal and community (in Norwegian)Rølp og russeminner (in Norwegian)Første russebuss som slipper dekk-dekknavn (in Norwegian)

Rites of passage
Danish culture
Norwegian culture
Student events
Graduation